Beaujouan, É., Brzozowska, Z., & Zeman, K. (2020). Childlessness trends in twentieth-century Europe. European Journal of Population, 36(3), 415–454.
Beaujouan, É., Brzozowska, Z., & Zeman, K. (2020). Childlessness trends in twentieth-century Europe: Limited link to growing educational attainment. European Journal of Population, 36(3), 415–454.
Bijak, J., Kupiszewska, D., Kupiszewski, M., Saczuk, K., & Kicinger, A. (2007). Population and labour force projections for Europe. European Journal of Population, 23(1), 1–31.
Bloom, D. E., Kuhn, M., & Prettner, K. (2017). The contribution of female health to economic development. Economic Journal, 127(604), 1658–1703.
Bongaarts, J. (2001). Fertility and reproductive preferences in post-transitional societies. Population and Development Review, 27(Suppl.), 260–281.
Bongaarts, J., & O’Neill, B. C. (2018). Global warming policy: Is population left out in the cold? Science, 361(6403), 650–652.
Coile, C., Milligan, K., & Wise, D. (2016). Health capacity to work at older ages. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(2), 147–170.
Coleman, D. (2006). Immigration and ethnic change in low-fertility countries. Population and Development Review, 32(3), 401–446.
Dettling, L. J., & Kearney, M. S. (2014). House prices and birth rates. Journal of Public Economics, 110, 82–100.
Geruso, M., & Spears, D. (2025). Childless or child-fewer? NBER Working Paper No. 33913.
Gnoth, C., Frank-Herrmann, P., Heilmann, A., Esse, H., & Freundl, G. (2020). Time to pregnancy in women aged under and over 38 years. Human Reproduction, 35(4), 876–884.
Halloran, R. (1973, Dec 8). Japan braces for a full scale oil crisis. The New York Times, 1.
Keizer, R. (2010). Remaining childless: Causes and consequences from a life-course perspective. Utrecht University.
Lee, R. (2014). Macroeconomic consequences of population aging. In Handbook of the Economics of Population Aging, Vol. 1.
Lee, R., & Mason, A. (2010). Fertility, human capital, and economic growth. European Journal of Population, 26(2), 159–182.
Mainichi Shimbun. (1973, Nov 14). Japan braces for full-scale oil crisis. Mainichi Shimbun, 1–9.
Mills, M., Rindfuss, R. R., McDonald, P., & te Velde, E. (2011). Why do people postpone parenthood? Human Reproduction Update, 17(6), 848–860.
Mulder, C. H. (2006). Population and housing. Demographic Research, 15, 401–412.
OSCE Parliamentary Assembly. (2025). Resolution on Responding to the Demographic Winter. In: Porto Declaration: Resolutions adopted at the 32nd Annual Session of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, Porto, Portugal, 29 June – 3 July 2025. Copenhagen: OSCE PA; p. 57. Available from: https://www.oscepa.org/
Preston, S. H., Himes, C., & Eggers, M. (1989). Demographic conditions responsible for population aging. Demography, 26(4), 691–704.
Régnier-Loilier, A., & Vignoli, D. (2011). Fertility intentions and obstacles. Population, 66(2), 361–389.
Shaw, S. (2021). Birthgap – Childless World [Documentary]. Available from: https://youtu.be/A6s8QlIGanA
Shaw, S. J. (2025). On a microdemographic framework for decomposing contemporary fertility dynamics. Scientific Reports, 15, Article 11522.
Statistics Bureau of Japan (e-Stat). Birth order data for Japan [Internet]. [cited 2025 Feb 13]. Available from: www.e-stat.go.jp/en/
Testa, M. R. (2003). The emergence of sub-replacement family size ideals in Europe. Population Research and Policy Review, 22(5), 479–496.
Testa, M. R., & Toulemon, L. (2006). Family formation in France. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 4, 41–75.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Fertility Report 2024. United Nations.
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). The real fertility crisis. UNFPA, 2024.
Vollset, S. E., et al. (2020). Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios. The Lancet, 396(10258), 1285–1306.
Wachter, K. W., & Bulatao, R. A. (Eds.). (2003). Offspring: Human Fertility Behavior in Biodemographic Perspective. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Zeman, K., Beaujouan, E., Brzozowska, Z., & Sobotka, T. (2018). Cohort fertility decline in low-fertility countries. Demographic Research, 38, 651–690.
